Manejo de vía aérea difícil en paciente con bocio maligno gigante: Reporte de caso / Case report: Difficult airway management in a patient with giant malignant goiter

We present the case of an adult patient with a malignant goiter, treated in our center, where airway management is perfor- med by an awake intubation technique with sedation. The patient, with great compromise and deviation from the midline of the airway, was managed with a High-Flow Nasal Cannula (CNAF) during its manipulation, helping to avoid desaturation events during the intubation procedure, associated with the administration of monitored sedation.

Presentamos el caso de una paciente adulto con bocio maligno, tratada en nuestro centro, donde se realiza manejo de la vía aérea con la intubación traqueal vigil con sedación. La paciente, con gran compromiso y desviación de línea media de la vía aérea, es apoyada con Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo (CNAF) durante la manipulación de ésta, ayudando a no presentar eventos de desaturación durante el procedimiento de intubación, asociada a la administración de sedación monitorizada.

Substernal goiter and laryngopharyngeal reflux

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to compare the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux signs between two groups of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for voluminous goiter: substernal goiters and voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Subjects and methods A retrospective case-control study was performed with data retrieved of the charts of the patients submitted to thyroidectomies occurred at a tertiary care center (Head and Neck Surgery Department, University of São Paulo Medical School) between 2010 and 2014. The selected thyroidectomies were allocated in two groups for study: patients with substernal goiters and patients with voluminous cervical goiter without thoracic extension. Cervical goiters were selected by ultrasonography mensuration. Clinical criterion was used to define substernal goiter. Results The average thyroid volume in patients with substernal goiter was significantly greater than the average volume in patients with only cervical goiter (p < 0.001). The prevalence of signs of reflux laryngitis at laryngoscopy was significantly greater in substernal goiter patients (p = 0.036). Moreover, substernal goiter was considered as the unique independent variable for high reflux laryngitis signs at laryngoscopy (OR = 2.75; CI95%: 1.05-7.20; p = 0.039) when compared to only cervical goiter patients. Conclusion This study shows a significant association between substernal goiters and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux at preoperative laryngoscopy. Therefore, when compared with voluminous cervical goiters, the substernal goiters increase the chance of reflux laryngitis signs in patients.

Painful immunoglobulin G4-related thyroiditis treated by total thyroidectomy

No abstract available.

Tiroiditis no-autoinmunes / Non-autoimmune thyroiditis

El término tiroiditis comprende un grupo de enfermedades de la glándula tiroides caracterizado por la presencia de inflamación, abarcando entidades autoinmunes y no-autoinmunes. Pueden manifestarse como enfermedades agudas con dolor tiroideo severo (tiroiditis subaguda y tiroiditis infecciosas), y condiciones en las cuales la inflamación no es clínicamente evidente, cursando sin dolor y presentando disfunción tiroidea y/o bocio (tiroiditis inducida por fármacos y tiroiditis de Riedel). El objetivo de esta revisión es aportar un enfoque actualizado sobre las tiroiditis no-autoinmunes cubriendo sus aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

The term thyroiditis comprises a group of thyroid diseases characterized by the presence of inflammation, including autoimmune and non-autoimmune entities. It may manifest as an acute illness with severe thyroid pain (subacute thyroiditis and infectious thyroiditis), and conditions in which the inflammation is not clinically evident evolving without pain and presenting primarily thyroid dysfunction and/or goiter (drug-induced thyroiditis and Riedel thyroiditis). The aim of this review is to provide an updated approach on non-autoimmune thyroiditis and its clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

Hipotiroidismo y bocio en el embarazo / Hypothyroidism and goiter in pregnancy

A pesar de no ser frecuente, la hipofunción tiroidea no controlada en la gestante, puede traer consigo efectos deletéreos sobre la madre y el feto, fundamentalmente cuando se presenta de forma manifiesta. Si se detecta precozmente y se trata de forma adecuada con levotiroxina, los riesgos se minimizan. Las dosis a emplear serán las suficientes para alcanzar un valor de tirotropina de acuerdo con lo recomendado para cada trimestre, y que por lo general serán mayores que en la etapa preconcepcional. El bocio se tratará en algunas condiciones específicas, y lo mismo sucede con la tiroiditis posparto. Pacientes sin disfunción tiroidea, pero con anticuerpos antitiroideos positivos elevados, también serán tratadas(AU)

Despite the rareness of the uncontrolled thyroid hypofunction in the pregnant woman, it may bring deleterious effects for the mother and her fetus, mainly when it is manifested. If early detected and adequately treated with levothyroxin, the risks are minimal. The doses to be used are enough to reach a thyrotropin level in accordance with the recommendations for each pregnancy trimester and they will be generally higher than those of the preconception phase. Goiter will be treated under some specific conditions and the same is valid for the postpartum thyroiditis. The patients without thyroid dysfunction, but with high positive antithyroid antibodies, should also be treated(AU)

Carcinoma thyroid in multi and uninodular goiter

To determine the frequency and profile of carcinoma in multi-nodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Case series. Surgical Unit-I, Ward-3 of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, from January 1999 to January 2009. Cases with solitary thyroid nodules and multi-nodular goiter were included. Patients under 12 years of age, cystic benign lesion in solitary thyroid nodules or those multi-nodular goiters, which were not causing pressure symptoms, cosmetic problems or sign of malignancy were excluded. In solitary thyroid nodule, hemithyroidectomy was done and if histopathology examination revealed carcinoma thyroid then completion thyroidectomyw as done. In multi-nodular goiter sub-total thyroidectomy done. Results were described as frequency percentages and mean. Out of 379 patients of multi-nodular goiter only one patient was found to be papillary carcinoma [0.25%]. In 220 patients of solitary thyroid nodules, 93 patients were diagnosed as carcinoma of thyroid [42.27%]. Others diagnosed in solitary thyrid nodule were thyroid adenoma, colloid goiter, thyroiditis and multi-nodular goiter. The frequency of papillary carcinoma in 65.95% occurring females of 12-30 years of age and being multifocal in 6.45% follicular carcinoma in 23.49%, medullary carcinoma in 7.44%, analplastic carcinoma in 2.12% and lymphoma in 1.01%. Female were predominantly involved and papillary carcinoma was common in 12-30 years of age [7.63%] and follicular was common in 30-40 years of age [68.18%. 6.45% of papillary carcinoma was found to be multifocal in nature. Frequency of carcinoma of thyroid is very high in solitary thyroid nodule [42.27%], but markedly low in multi-nodular goiter. Papillary carcinoma is the most common variety, most of in younger female

Aspectos patogênicos e clínicos do bócio multinodular / Pathogenic and clinical aspects of multinodular goiter

O bócio multinodular (BMN) é definido como um aumento da glândula tireóide secundário à proliferação multifocal de tireócitos e caracteriza-se pela heterogeneidade no crescimento e função das células foliculares. O BMN é considerado uma neoplasia benigna da tireóide. É uma doença comum, com aumento da prevalência em áreas com deficiência de iodo, sendo este o principal fator etiológico ambiental. A patogênese desta disfunção tireoidiana ainda não está inteiramente elucidada. Nesta revisão serão abordados os principais mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese, seguidos das implicações clínicas dessa patologia.

Multinodular goiter (MNG) is defined as an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is characterized by heterogeneity in growth and function of thyroid follicular cells. MNG is now considered a true thyroid neoplasm. It is a common disease, with higher prevalences in iodine deficiency areas. Iodine deficiency is the main environmental etiologic factor for MNG. The pathogenesis of multinodular goiter is not yet fully clarified. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of MNG with respect to the pathology, etiologic and clinical characteristics.

Bocio amiloídeo: reporte de tres casos / Amyloid goitier: report of three cases

La amiloidosis es una patología de causa no precisada, la cual tiene distintas formas de presentación clínica según la proteína que se deposita. Este material amorfo puede depositarse en cualquier órgano, en forma aislada o como parte de una enfermedad generalizada. El compromiso del tiroides ocurre en el 50 a 80 por ciento de los casos de amiloidosis sistémica y corresponde, en general, a una infiltración difusa leve que no determina aumento de tamaño glandular ni alteraciones funcionales. El bocio amiloideo se define como el crecimiento del tiroides determinado por el depósito abundante de amiloide, el que puede dar síntomas compresivos de las estructuras del cuello. Se presentan tres casos de bocio amiloideo tratados en nuestro servicio, cuyo síntoma cardinal es la compresión tiroidea, uno de ellos con compromiso sistémico severo. Fueron tratados con hemitiroidectomía en un caso y tiroidectomía total en los otros dos, sin complicaciones. Se concluye que el bocio amiloideo es una patología poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico principalmente es un hallazgo durante el estudio anatomopatológico; sin embargo, se puede sospechar en un paciente con bocio que presenta enfermedades sistémicas.

Thyroid involvement occurs in 50 to 80 percent of cases with systemic amyloidosis. Usually the infiltration is mild, not altering morphology or function. Amyloid goiter occurs when large amounts of amyloid are accumulated, enlarging the gland and compressing neighboring structures. We report three patients aged 42, 49 and 59 years (two women) with amyloid goiter. All had dysphagia and two had dysphonia. One was subjected to a hemithyroidectomy and two to a total thyroidectomy. Pathology reported the presence of amyloid deposits in the surgical pieces.

Pulmonary function profile in patients with benign goiters without symptoms of respiratory compromise and the early effect of thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: A large number of patients in our country develop goiters which seem to be apparently asymptomatic. Conventional radiography does not address the abnormal air flow dynamics. Flow volume loop studies have shown characteristic dampening of both inspiratory and expiratory curves. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) can provide a simple noninvasive method of assessing airway compromise. AIM: To address the effect of longstanding asymptomatic, benign goiter by performing PFT on the preoperative airway dynamics and the early postoperative changes at six weeks. SETTING AND DESIGN: Tertiary care center, Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four patients with benign goiters were included after they satisfied the necessary exclusion and inclusion criteria. Pulmonary function tests were performed in the pre and postoperative period. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS ver. 10 software, Pearson's Bivariate correlation and students T test. Results: The preoperative PFT showed significant reduction in the Vital capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), mid expiratory flow (MEF 25) and MEF 50 in the females and VC, FVC and FEV1 in males. Postoperatively significant improvement was observed in the tidal volume (VT) and FEV1 in the females and airway resistance in males. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function tests can demonstrate the unmanifested abnormal airflow dynamics in benign asymptomatic goiters, which would have otherwise taken years to manifest. This abnormality improved after thyroidectomy, especially the forced expiratory maneuvers. The duration and weight of the goiter correlated well with reduction in FEV1 and its subsequent improvement after surgery in females.

Follicular carcinoma thyroid in pendred syndrome

Pendred syndrome is a rare inherited disorder of bilateral sensorineural deafness with goitre. Presence of follicular carcinoma thyroid makes it even rarer. A case of a young girl is described with the features of Pendred syndrome and euthyroid state. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid was detected on histopathology requiring re-tailoring of the management

Knowledge and management of disabling conditions in South Asian histories: implications for leprosy futures.

Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem appears feasible in South Asia in the present decade through multi-drug therapy, but management of disability in cured leprosy patients will continue through the 21st century, probably with some ongoing stigma. This paper provides new perspectives on leprosy-related disabilities by reviewing the historical careers of four disabling conditions sharing some features with leprosy: lathyrism, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), cataract and poliomyelitis. All are targeted for eradication or serious reduction using affordable surgery or preventive measures, yet they have proved unexpectedly resilient. Technical solutions alone bring only partial success. There is a need also for community-based delivery methods, individual and family self-help, and some redeployment of professional expertise.

Leiomiossarcoma de mediastino em paciente com bócio adenomatóide: relato de um caso com necropsia / Leiomyosarcoma of mediastinum in patient with goiter: case report with necropsy

Trata-se de relato de caso com verificaçäo necroscópica em paciente com bócio adenomatóide, no qual foi encontrado massa tumoral peritraqueal e adjacente à tireóide, sendo diagnosticado por microscopia óptica sarcoma de partes moles com morfologia de musculatura lisa, caracterizando leiomiossarcoma. Existem raros casos deste tumor localizado no mediastino, descritos na literatura, e em nenhum destes há associaçäo com bócio adenomatóide.

Avaliaçäo de obstruçäo de grandes vias aéreas por bócio através da mediçäo da curva fluxo-volume com pacientes em decúbito: resultados preliminares / Assessment of upper airway obstruction by goiter by measuring flux-vollume loopes with patientes in the lying position: preliminary results

OBJETIVO: Apresentar resultados preliminares de um estudo que testa a hipótese de que a realizaçäo da curva fluxo-volume com os pacientes em decúbtio dorsal aumenta a sensibilidade do método para a identificaçäo de obstruçäo em grandes vias aéreas por bócio...

Solitary thyroid nodule: a study of 100 cases.

One hundred cases of solitary thyroid nodules attending the thyroid clinic, Institute of Postgraduate Medicine & Research, Dhaka (IPGMR) and the Institute of Nuclear Medicine (INM) were included in a prospective study. Thyroid ultrasonography (USG), scintiscanning, radioactive iodine (I131) uptake (RAIU), estimation of serum total T3, T4 & TSH and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) were performed in all cases. Surgical resection with histopathologic study was performed in selected cases. Extra-nodular part of the thyroid gland was normal in 68 and diffusely enlarged in 32, RAIU was normal in 62, high in 36 and very low in two subjects. Nodules were solid at USG in 67 subjects, cystic in 16 subjects and of mixed consistency in 17 subjects. Goitrous subjects had significantly lower T4 (p < 0.001) and higher T3 (p < 0.01) and TSH (p < 0.001) than non-goitrous ones. Colloid nodule was the commonest pathology occurring in 41 cases, followed by thyroid cysts (26), follicular adenoma (23), adenoma with cystic change (7), subacute thyroiditis (2) and papillary carcinoma (1). Colloid nodules were more common in goitrous subjects which could hint at iodine deficiency as the major cause of such nodules. Hyperfunctioning follicular adenomas occurred exclusively in non-goitrous subjects. Carcinoma appeared to be uncommon in patients with solitary nodules. It gives an opportunity to our physicians to be more conservative in selecting patients with solitary thyroid nodules for surgical treatment.

Menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may precede thyroid dysfunction or goitre.

Menstrual and reproductive history of 178 women referred to the thyroid clinic was compared with 49 healthy controls. Cases were classified as euthyroid, hypothyroid or hyperthyroid after clinical examination and after serum T3, T4, TSH measurements. Reproductive history was related chronologically to symptoms and signs of thyroid dysfunction. Only 31.8% of hypothyroid and 35.3% of hyperthyroid women had normal menstrual pattern in contrast with 56.3% of Euthyroid and 87.8% of healthy controls (p < 0.001). Reproductive failure (infertility, pregnancy wastage, failure of lactation) occurred in 37.5% of hypothyroid and 36.5% of hyperthyroid cases against 16.3% of euthyroid and 16.7% of healthy controls (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in 45% of cases with menstrual abnormality, the anomaly was antecedent to other clinical features by a variable period of two months to ten years. Reproductive failure and lactation failure also preceded thyroid dysfunction or goitre. Reproductive dysfunction may therefore be considered as one of the presenting symptoms of thyroid disorders in women, keeping in mind both menstrual irregularities and lactation failure may also arise from other common or idiopathic origins. Especially in women with menstrual irregularities in the perimenopausal age if thyroid dysfunction is detected, pharmacotherapy may be a superior alternative to surgical interventions like hysterectomy.

Les goitres plongeants: a propos de 16 cas

Dans cette etude retrospective portant sur 16 cas de goitres plongeants; les auteurs trouvent; pour cette variete; une frequence de 5 pour cent de l'ensemble des goitres; une predominance du sexe femininet un age moyen des malades de 40 ans. Le diagnostic; evoque sur l'aspect de la masse cervicale; est confirmee par les examens radiologiques. Les accidents compressifs; complications evolutives habituelles; n'ont pas ete souvent rencontres. Le traitement chirurgical; realises dans tous les cas par le biais d'une cervicotomie transversale; a consiste en exereses partielles ou totales de goitres; qui se sont revees benins ou malins a l'histologie. Les suites simples de ces interventions confortent les auteurs dans le choix de la cervicotomie comme voie d'abord de predilection des goitres plongeants

Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the Bayamon region

El propósito de este estudio es describir muestra experiencia en la Región de Bayamón con respecto a la prevalencia de autoinmunidad tiroidea en la población de pacientes pedía ricos con diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente. Se examinaron 78 pacientes con diabetes para determinar si tenían bocio. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para funci[on tiroidea y anti cuerpos microsomales en 65 de ellos las que fueron computados utilizando Chi cuadrado para poder correlacionar entre disfunción tiroidea, autoinmunidad y sexo. Nuestros resultados reflejan una prevalencia de autinmunidad tiroidea en nuestros pacientes de 15%, de los cuales 40% tenían bocio (p < 001), la mayoría mujeres (9 de 12). Esta es la prevalencia de autoinmunidad tiroidea en pacientes pediátricos mas baja reportada en Hispanos en Estados Unidados hasta este momento